SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Chippewa language</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chippewa language</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan language</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Chippewa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;"><span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Anishinaabemowin</i></span>, <span title="Chippewa-language text"><span lang="ciw">ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="alg-Latn-fonipa">[anɪːʃɪnaːpeːmowɪn]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>, <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">104,000 <a href="Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> (1990 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6986 (2010 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a>

<a href="Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>-<a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Nuclear Ojibwe<sup id="cite_ref-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Central-Eastern-Southwestern Ojibwa<sup id="cite_ref-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chippewa</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ciw" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:ciw">ciw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chip1241">chip1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4171">Southwestern Ojibwa</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe ᐅᒋᐺ</a><br>     <a href="Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a><br>     ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ / ᐅᒋᐺᐠ</a><br>     Anishinaabek<br>     ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ / ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐠ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwemowin ᐅᒋᐺᒧᐎᓐ</a><br>     <a href="Anishinaabemowin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabemowin">Anishinaabemowin</a><br>     ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ<br><a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Ojibwewaki<sup id="cite_ref-country_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ᐅᒋᐻᐘᑭ<br>     <a href="List_of_traditional_territories_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America">Anishinaabewaki</a><br>     ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐘᑭ</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Chippewa</b> (native name: <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Anishinaabemowin</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Southwestern Ojibwa/Ojibwe/Ojibway/<span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Ojibwemowin</i></span></b>) is an <a href="Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> language spoken from upper <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> westward to <a href="North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represents the southern component of the <a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a>.

</p><p>Chippewa is part of the Algonquian language family and an indigenous language of North America. Chippewa is part of the <a href="Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of Ojibwe (including Chippewa, <a href="Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a>, <a href="Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a>, and <a href="Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a>), which is closely related to <a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a>. It is spoken on the southern shores of Lake Superior and in the areas toward the south and west of Lake Superior in Michigan and Southern Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speakers of this language generally call it <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Anishinaabemowin</i></span> ('the <a href="Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> language') or more specifically, <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Ojibwemowin</i></span> ('the <a href="Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwa</a> language').

</p><p>There is a large amount of variation in the language. Some of the variations are caused by ethnic or geographic heritage, while other variations occur from person to person.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no single standardization of the language as it exists as a <a href="Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, according to Nichols: "It exists as a chain of interconnected local varieties, conventionally called dialects."<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols,_viii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols,_viii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties differ greatly and can be so diverse that speakers of two different varieties cannot understand each other.

</p><p>In the southern range of are where the language is spoken, it is mostly spoken by the older generations of the Anishinaabe people, and many of its speakers also speak English.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols,_viii_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols,_viii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is classified as severely endangered by UNESCO.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h2></div>

<p>The Chippewa dialects have been the focus of many academic works, from <a href="William_Whipple_Warren" title="William Whipple Warren">William Whipple Warren</a> and Fr. <a href="Frederick_Baraga" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Baraga">Frederick Baraga</a> in the 19th century, and <a href="Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a>, <a href="J._P._B._de_Josselin_de_Jong" title="J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong">Jan P. B. de Josselin de Jong</a>, Charles Fiero, Earl Nyholm and John Nichols in the 20th century. However, the Chippewa dialect of <i><span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Ojibwemowin</i></span></i> has continued to steadily decline. Beginning in the 1970s many of the communities have aggressively put their efforts into language revitalization, but have only managed to produce some fairly educated second-language speakers. Today, the majority of the first-language speakers of this dialect of the Ojibwe language are elderly, whose numbers are quickly diminishing, while the number of second-language speakers among the younger generation are growing. However, none of the second-language speakers have yet to transition to the fluency of a first-language speaker.

</p><p>In the summer of 2009, Anton Treuer of <a href="Bemidji_State_University" title="Bemidji State University">Bemidji State University</a> conducted an informal survey of number of first-language speakers of the Chippewa dialects in Minnesota and Wisconsin in order to convene a language session to address the need of vocabulary associated with math and sciences. Together with other reservations that were not surveyed, Treuer estimates only around 1,000 first-language speakers of the Chippewa dialect in the United States.

</p>

<th>Reservation</th>

<th>Number of<br>first-language<br>speakers<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th>

<th>Estimated number of<br>second-language<br>speakers<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th>

<th>Number of<br>total population

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Mille_Lacs_Indian_Reservation" title="Mille Lacs Indian Reservation">Mille Lacs</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Leech_Lake_Indian_Reservation" title="Leech Lake Indian Reservation">Leech Lake</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Bois_Forte_Indian_Reservation" title="Bois Forte Indian Reservation">Bois Forte</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="White_Earth_Indian_Reservation" title="White Earth Indian Reservation">White Earth</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Grand_Portage_Indian_Reservation" title="Grand Portage Indian Reservation">Grand Portage</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="St._Croix_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix Indian Reservation">St. Croix</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Indians" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians">Lac Courte Oreilles</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Lac_du_Flambeau_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac du Flambeau</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Bad_River_Band_of_the_Lake_Superior_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Bad River</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center"><a href="Red_Cliff_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Red Cliff</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div>

<p>According to <a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, the Chippewa Language or the Southwestern dialect of the Ojibwe language is divided into four smaller dialects:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Upper Michigan-Wisconsin Chippewa</b>: on <a href="Keweenaw_Bay_Indian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Keweenaw Bay Indian Community">Keweenaw Bay</a>, <a href="Lac_Vieux_Desert_Indian_Reservation" title="Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation">Lac Vieux Desert</a>, <a href="Lac_du_Flambeau_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation">Lac du Flambeau</a>, <a href="Red_Cliff_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cliff Indian Reservation">Red Cliff</a>, <a href="Bad_River_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad River Indian Reservation">Bad River</a>, <a href="Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation">Lac Courte Oreilles</a>, <a href="St._Croix_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix Indian Reservation">St. Croix</a> and <a href="Mille_Lacs_Indian_Reservation" title="Mille Lacs Indian Reservation">Mille Lacs</a> (District III).</li>

<li><b>Central Minnesota Chippewa</b>: on <a href="Mille_Lacs_Indian_Reservation" title="Mille Lacs Indian Reservation">Mille Lacs</a> (Districts I and II), <a href="Fond_du_Lac_Indian_Reservation" title="Fond du Lac Indian Reservation">Fond du Lac</a>, <a href="Leech_Lake_Indian_Reservation" title="Leech Lake Indian Reservation">Leech Lake</a>, <a href="White_Earth_Indian_Reservation" title="White Earth Indian Reservation">White Earth</a> and <a href="Turtle_Mountain_Indian_Reservation" title="Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation">Turtle Mountain</a>.</li>

<li><b>Red Lake Chippewa</b>: on <a href="Red_Lake_Indian_Reservation" title="Red Lake Indian Reservation">Red Lake</a></li>

<li><b>Minnesota Border Chippewa</b>: on <a href="Grand_Portage_Indian_Reservation" title="Grand Portage Indian Reservation">Grand Portage</a> and <a href="Bois_Forte_Indian_Reservation" title="Bois Forte Indian Reservation">Bois Forte</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe grammar</a></div>

<p>Like other varieties of <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">Anishinaabemowin</i></span>, in Chippewa a great deal of information is already contained in the words, so the sentence order can be quite free, but the primary word order is <a href="Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>. There are three general parts of speech: nouns, verbs, and others. Nouns types are broken down by number and by whether they are <a href="Animacy" title="Animacy">animate or inanimate gender</a>. There are four verb types used to show if the verb is transitive, if the subject of the verb is animate or inanimate, if the object of the verb is animate or inanimate, and the plurality of the subject. There is also a verb type that may only be used in the inverse. There are case markings that come at the beginning of words to show what verb type or noun type the word is. Other classes of words include adverbs, numbers, particles, pre-nouns, and pre-verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-verbs and pre-nouns are not whole words; however, they are modifying forms that freely combine with nouns, verbs, or adverbs to add meaning. These words come before that which they are describing, and may not be at the beginning of the word if other meanings are added to the word. Hyphens in Chippewa signify the break between a stem and a pre-noun or pre-verb.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language uses postpositions, which are attached to the ends of words and are not separated from the words they govern. For example, the word <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">ashangewigamig</i></span> means 'welfare office' in Chippewa, but the word <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">ashangewigamigong</i></span> means 'to the welfare office'. The <span title="Chippewa-language romanization"><i lang="ciw-Latn">-ong</i></span> ending and other similar endings in Chippewa are locatives that corresponds with the English words <i>in</i>, <i>at</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>by</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chippewa also generally uses an adjective-noun order; however, sometimes the two words are modified and combine to form a single word. Many times one word is used to show phrases. Prepositional phrases and some noun phrases are expressed in a single word. Noun-verb combinations are also sometimes expressed in a single word. The Chippewa language has pronouns to show person (first, second, or third), and number (singular or plural). The language also has an inclusive and an exclusive first-person plural pronoun. These pronouns are included in the verb and usually serve at the beginning of the verb along with a relational suffix.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3></div>

<p>The Chippewa language uses inflection to make new forms of words and also derivation to make new words from parts of others. It uses noun incorporation, which is the inclusion of nouns within verbs and has many affixes attached onto nouns and verbs. For these reasons, Chippewa's basic morphological type is <a href="Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a>. The language uses compound nouns. There are few simple nouns. The majority of nouns are formed by a composition of stems and affixes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chippewa uses prefixes, suffixes and even infixes. To show plurality, suffixes are added onto the ends of words. Prefixes are used to show possession, and are also used to show verb or noun type and also tense.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of all of the incorporation of meanings into one word, it can be very difficult to pull apart the meanings of some of the phrases used. Since prefixes are used so frequently, the stem of some words may be hidden somewhere in the middle. It might be difficult to find a word in the dictionary for one who has never been exposed to the language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe phonology</a></div>

<p>The Chippewa language has three short vowels (<i>a i o</i>) and four long vowels (<i>aa e ii oo</i>). There are also nasal vowels which consist of a basic vowel followed by <i>nh</i>. The <i>h</i> may be omitted before a <i>y</i> or a glottal stop. Nasalized vowels are vowels before <i>ns</i>, <i>nz</i>, or <i>nzh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consonants are comparable to their English counterparts and are written: <span class="nowrap">⟨b ch d g h ' j k l n nh p r s sh t w y z zh⟩</span>. Letters not used in Chippewa are <span class="nowrap">⟨f l r u v⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>. The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> is used only in a digraph, and the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is mostly used in digraphs, but on very rare occasions, usually in exclamations, occurs independently. Letters <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> only occur in words loaned from other languages. There are certain consonant clusters that occur in Chippewa: <i>sk</i>, <i>shp</i>, <i>sht</i>, <i>shk</i>, <i>mb</i>, <i>nd</i>, <i>nj</i>, <i>ng</i>. A consonant cluster also may occur with a single consonant followed by a <i>w</i> before a vowel. Most letters are pronounced similarly to how they are pronounced in English. Letters <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, and <i>g</i> are often devoiced when placed near voiceless consonants or at the beginning of words. Sometimes <i>s</i>, <i>t</i>, and <i>ch</i> are pronounced with more force than how pronounced in English and also with a rounding of the lips.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chippewa language uses voiced and voiceless stops, fricatives, affricates, nasal stops, and approximates. It also uses labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal consonant places.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">

<li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ciw">Chippewa language</a> at <i><a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a></span></span></span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. <i>unesco.org</i>. <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Central-Eastern-Southwestern_Ojibwa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2252">"Central-Eastern-Southwestern Ojibwa"</a>. <i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221030034539/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2252">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-country-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-country_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJelsing2023" class="citation thesis cs1">Jelsing, Kaden Mark (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0432745/4"><i>Sovereign Futures: Indigenous and Settler Prophecies in Two Nineteenth-Century American "Northwests"</i></a> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). <a href="University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. p. 57.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i>. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, 7</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, XXIV</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nichols,_viii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols,_viii_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols,_viii_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, viii</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treuer, p. 4</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2000 US Census Bureau statistics, fewer first-language speakers, rounded to the nearest tens</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ProjBIA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProjBIA_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">2007 projected population based on 2003 BIA Statistics</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MCT-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCT_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCT_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCT_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCT_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCT_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCT_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">2007 MCT Enrollment Statistics</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, xiii-xv</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, xiv</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, 17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, 11</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, xiii</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, xxvii</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, xliii</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols & Nyholm, xxvi</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<ul><li><a href="Ojibwe_dialects" title="Ojibwe dialects">Ojibwe dialects</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDensmore1979" class="citation book cs1">Densmore, Frances (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chippewacustoms0000dens"><i>Chippewa Customs</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). Minnesota Historical Society. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87351-142-5</bdi>.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDensmore1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Densmore, Frances (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletin861929smit/"><i>Chippewa Customs</i></a>. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. Vol. Bulletin 86. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.</cite></li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNichols1988" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, John (1988). <i>An Ojibwe Text Anthology</i>. London, ON: The Centre for Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, John; Nyholm, Earl (1995). <i>A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1985" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (1985). <i>Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2001" class="citation book cs1">Treuer, Anton (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingourlanguag0000unse"><i>Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories</i></a></span>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780873514040</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2010" class="citation book cs1">Treuer, Anton (2010). <i>Ojibwe in Minnesota</i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Treuer, Anton (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821070159/http://minnesotahumanities.org/resources/Book%20Contents.pdf"><i>Ojibwe Vocabulary Project</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minneapolis: Minnesota Humanities Center. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-578-03464-5</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2012-08-21.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ciw" class="extiw external" title="incubator:Wp/ciw">Chippewa language test</a></b></i> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw external" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/">Ojibwe People's Dictionary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/ciw">OLAC resources in and about the Chippewa language</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algic_languages311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Algic_languages311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Besawunena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Besawunena language">Besawunena</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li>

<li><a href="Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a>

<ul><li><a href="Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></li>

<li><a href="Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li>

<li><a href="Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a></li>

<li><a href="Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Massachusett_Pidgin" title="Massachusett Pidgin">Massachusett Pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Massachusett_Pidgin_English" title="Massachusett Pidgin English">Massachusett Pidgin English</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan–Pequot</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delawaran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Pidgin_Delaware" title="Pidgin Delaware">Pidgin Delaware</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Mohican_language" title="Mohican language">Mahican</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nanticockan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet–Passamaquoddy</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk</a>

<li><a href="Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a>–<a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li>

<li><a href="Berens_River_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Berens River Ojibwe dialect">Berens River Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_Lakes_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Border Lakes Ojibwe dialect">Border Lakes Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Broken_Oghibbeway" title="Broken Oghibbeway">Broken Oghibbeway</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>

<li><a href="Central_Ojibwa_language" title="Central Ojibwa language">Central Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Ojibwa_language" title="Eastern Ojibwa language">Eastern Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Nipissing_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Nipissing Ojibwe dialect">Nipissing Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><a href="North_of_Superior_Ojibwe_dialect" title="North of Superior Ojibwe dialect">North of Superior Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Ojibwa" title="Northwestern Ojibwa">Northwestern Ojibwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>

<li><a href="Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li>

<li><a href="Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language" title="Miami–Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Nansemond_language" title="Nansemond language">Nansemond</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pamunkey_language" title="Pamunkey language">Pamunkey</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Proto-Algic_language" title="Proto-Algic language">Proto-Algic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>/<a href="Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>/<a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a> language • <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Chippewa_language&oldid=1300703737">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>